primeiro commit com exercicios de Exercism realizados até esta data

python/making-the-grade/HINTS.md

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+# Hints
+
+## General
+
+- [`while`][while-loops] loops are used for _indefinite_ (uncounted) iteration
+- [`for`][for-loops] loops are used for _definite_, (counted) iteration.
+- The keywords [`break` and `continue`][control flow] help customize loop behavior.
+- [`range(<start>, stop, <step>)`][range] can be used to generate a sequence for a loop counter.
+- The built-in [`enumerate()`][enumerate] will return (`<value>`, `<index>`) pairs to iterate over.
+
+Also being familiar with the following can help with completing the tasks:
+
+- [`lists`][list]: indexing, nested lists, [`<list>.append`][append and pop], [`<list>.pop()`][append and pop].
+- [`str`][str]: `str()` constructor, using the `+` to concatenate strings, optionally, [`f-strings`][f-strings].
+
+## 1. Rounding Scores
+
+- `While` loops will continue to execute until their test condition evaluates to `False`.
+- `<list>.pop()` will remove and return the last item in a `list`.
+- Empty lists evaluate to `False` (most empty objects in Python are "Falsy")
+
+## 2. Non-Passing Students
+
+- There's no need to declare `loop` counters or `index` counters when iterating through an object using a `for` loop.
+- A results counter does need to be set up and _incremented_ -- you'll want to `return` the count of non-passing students when the loop terminates. 
+
+## 3. The "Best"
+
+- There's no need to declare `loop` counters or `index` counters when iterating through an object using a `for` loop.
+- Having an empty `list` to add the "best" marks to is helpful here.
+- `<list>.append()` can help add things to the results `list`.
+
+## 4. Calculating Letter Grades
+
+- These are _lower thresholds_.  The _lower threshold_ for a "D" is a score of **41**, since an "F" is **<= 40**.
+- [`range()`][range] can be helpful here to generate a sequence with the proper "F" -> "A" increments.
+- [`round()`][round] without parameters should round off increments nicely.
+- As with "the best" task, `<list>.append()` could be useful here to append items from `range()` into a results `list`.
+
+## 5. Matching Names to Scores
+
+- [`enumerate()`][enumerate] could be helpful here.
+- If both lists are the same length and sorted the same way, could you use the `index` from one to retrieve a `value` from the other?
+
+## 6. A "Perfect" Score
+
+- There may be or may not be a student with a score of 100, and you can't return `[]` without checking **all** scores.
+- The [`control flow`][control flow] statements `continue` and `break` may be useful here to move past unwanted values.
+
+[append and pop]: https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/datastructures.html#more-on-lists
+[control flow]: https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#break-and-continue-statements-and-else-clauses-on-loops
+[enumerate]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#enumerate
+[f-strings]: https://docs.python.org/3/reference/lexical_analysis.html#formatted-string-literals
+[for-loops]: https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#for-statements
+[list]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list
+[range]: https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#the-range-function
+[round]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#round
+[str]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str
+[while-loops]: https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#the-while-statement